The population of Sub-Saharan Africa is continuing to grow at twice the rate recorded in Latin America and Asia. This exceptional population growth is a major handicap for efforts to achieve the UN’s Millennium Development Objectives (MDO) in most of the countries lying South of the Sahara. With the aim of assessing the significance of relations between population trends and development in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Agence Française de Développement (AFD) commissioned the Centre Population et Développement (CEPED) to undertake a wide-ranging survey and produce a review of the demographic situation and dynamics in this vast region.